Bacterial pneumonia is one of the most important infectious diseases in terms of. Its clinical presentation contrasts to that of typical pneumonia. The value of clinical features in differentiating between viral, pneumococcal and atypical bacterial pneumonia in children. A number of noninfectious conditions, including neoplastic lesions, pulmonary oedema, pulmonary embolism, druginduced pneumonitis, diffuse alveolar haemorrhage syndromes. Pneumonia occurs secondary to airborne infection which includes bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites, among others. Ajn is the oldest and largest circulating nursing journal in the world. Hospitalacquired bacterial pneumonia habp is one of the most important acute complications that affects patients admitted to intensive care units icu developing mainly in patients receiving mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours with an incidence of 927%. So, if you are diagnosed with pneumonia, ask for a more elaborated description and what type it is. Walking pneumonia is a less severe form of bacterial pneumonia. Pneumonia with bacterial and viral coinfection request pdf. An expert on ivillage says, it would be impossible for a physician to be certain that you had viral pneumonia and that a bout of viral pneumonia predisposes the lungs to a bacterial infection. Secondary bacterial respiratory infection can be subdivided into combined viralbacterial pneumonia and postinfluenza pneumonia, which differ in their pathogenesis. Clinical management of bacterial pneumonia antoni torres.
Compare current pneumonia caused by gramnegative bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillinresistant s. Background pneumococcal pneumonia causes significant morbidity and mortality among adults. Proteaseactivated receptor 2 facilitates bacterial. Unless there is a parapneumonic effusion, auscultatory findings usually are few and are limited to an anatomic lung segment. Mortality rates are less than 15% in the outpatient setting, but as high as 12% in hospitalized patients. The pathogens responsible for atypical pneumonia are chlamydophila pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumonia, legionella pneumophila, moraxella catarrhalis, syncitial virus and influenza a. Hence, preparations for the next pandemic focus almost exclusively on vaccine prevention and antiviral treatment for infections with a novel influenza strain. Elucidation of bacterial pneumoniacausing pathogens in patients. Have other conditions like asthma, diabetes, or heart disease. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterium that causes bacterial pneumonia. Recent evidence suggests an increase in complicated pneumonia, with an incidence of 5. Respiratory infections, inclusive of pneumonia, have long constituted a medical problem of the first order. Follow the links to read common uses, side effects, dosage details and.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae three common morphologic patterns of pneumonia are. The havoc wreaked upon my friends body was all due to something we call bacterial pneumonia. This is an inflammatory condition of the lungs caused by different kinds of bacteria. When this illness is further complicated by a bacterial pneumonia, a harmful superinfection develops. Strep throat is a bacterial infection which has symptoms such as sore and scratchy throat. In our study, all specimens were lower respiratory secretion samples, which means all the samples were detected by gram stain before quantitative loopmediated isothermal amplification qlamp assay and only adequate samples sputum containing 25 leukocytes per low power field. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection, rather than a virus. Microbial etiologies of hospitalacquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilatorassociated bacterial pneumonia. Overall estimates of annual incidence of communityacquired pneumonia vary between 2 and 12 cases per, being highest in infants and in the elderly. Like bacterial pneumonia, the virus sets on and attacks the lung tissue causing the lung to fill with fluid.
Clinical bacterial and viral pneumonia flashcards quizlet. Pneumonia is thus a common disease in elderly japanese individuals. Mortality rates have stagnated over the past decades and with an emerging increase in resistant serotypes alternative measures are. Bacterial pneumonia article about bacterial pneumonia by. Below is a list of common medications used to treat or reduce the symptoms of pneumonia caused by gramnegative bacteria.
Study 26 terms bacterial pneumonia flashcards quizlet. Pneumonia can be classified into 2 types based on how the infection is acquired. Lobar pneumonia on the other hand, is a term used when one or more lobes of the lungs are affected. The diagnosis of cap is usually made in patients with suggestive symptoms, signs, and radiological features. Departments of pediatrics, college of medicine, the catholic university of korea, seoul, republic of korea. Pneumonia sets in when the infection moves from the upper respiratory tract into the lungs. Terms in this set 26 what is the route that most pathogens reach the lungs. Difference between pneumonia and atypical pneumonia.
Communityacquired pneumonia cap is a common cause of presentation to healthcare facilities. Clinically it is prudent to classify pneumonia according to setting in which it occurs because it helps the treating physician to give empirical antimicrobial therapy. Deaths during the 191819 influenza pandemic have been attributed to a hypervirulent influenza strain. The difference between pneumonia and upper respiratory. Concomitant bacteremia occurs in approximately 10%25% of adult patients who have pneumococcal pneumonia. Other causes of pneumonia from common bacterial and viral. If contagious, it is spread primarily by breathing in infected droplets from coughingsneezing. Noninfectious mimics of communityacquired pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia an overview sciencedirect topics. Accordingly pneumonia may be classified as cap typical and atypical cap, nosocomial pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, pneumonia in immunecompromised host and necrotizing pneumonia. Most types of viral pneumonia are short lived and are rarely fatal, excluding the influenza virus that can lead to death. True incidence of community acquired pneumonia cap is exactly not known. Estimating the burden of pneumococcal pneumonia among.
We aimed to develop a conceptual and quantitative strategy to. Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. If the fluid has a ph of ul or if bacteria are seen or cultured, then the fluid should be. The typical bacteria which cause pneumonia are s treptococcus pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus, group a streptococcus, klebsiella pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhali s, anaerobes, and gramnegative organisms. There are several major difficulties in the diagnosis and. People with pneumonia usually experience coughing, fever, shortness of breath, and chest pain. In north america and europe, the annual incidence of cap was estimated to be approximately 3440 cases per in children under 5 years of age, prior to widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines pcvs.
You have a higher risk of getting bacteria pneumonia if you. Yet another source of infection in your lungs is spread by an infection from somewhere else in your body, such as your kidney. Mp pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia and viral pneumonia lee ky et al. Whats the difference between viral and bacterial pneumonia. Atypical pneumonia is a type of pneumonia that is not caused by the traditional pathogens of typical pneumonia. Cough, particularly cough productive of sputum, is the most consistent. Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia and. Symptoms typically include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever and difficulty breathing.
It is the leading infectious cause of hospitalization and death in the united states and exacts an enormous cost in economic and human terms. Differential factors between viral pneumonia and bacterial pneumonia. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main causative pathogen for cap, accounting for up to 60% of bacterial cases. Open epub for bacterial pneumonia in elderly japanese populations. Influenza, or flu, is an unpleasant affair with fever, cough, as well as head and body ache.
Atypical pneumonia, also known as walking pneumonia, is any type of pneumonia not caused by one of the pathogens most commonly associated with the disease. Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia and viral pneumonia kyungyil lee,1 yousook youn,2 jaewook lee,2 jinhan kang1. Bacterial pneumonia pharmacology linkedin slideshare. Postviral bacterial pneumonia was defined as the above postviral pneumonia plus simultaneous detection of pathogenic bacteria in a respiratory specimen. Since aging is a significant risk factor for this infection and given that in many areas of the world, such as europe, the population is aging, an increase in incidence in the. Elucidation of bacterial pneumoniacausing pathogens in. Aspiration breathing in what precedes infection in pneumonia. Communityacquired pneumonia cap is a common cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. Bacterial pneumonia definition of bacterial pneumonia by. Postoperative bacterial pneumonia usually occurs when the body is weakened in some way, such as illness, malnutrition, old age or impaired immunity, and the bacteria are able to work their way into the. Resistance of gram negative bacteria in hospital acquired.
Chronic bacterial pneumonias are more common than previously recognized. Note the increased anteroposterior chest diameter, which is suggestive of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease copd. When it develops independently from another disease, it is called primary atypical pneumonia pap. When pneumonia does occur, it usually is the result of an exceedingly virulent microbe, a large dose of bacteria, andor impaired host defense ds3 case study bacterial pneumonia disease summary table. Gramnegative bacteria, such as escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter species, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and acinetobacter species. Pneumonia 15 pneumonia is a lung infection involving the lung alveoli air sacs and can be caused by microbes, including bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The term atypical pneumonia was first used in 1938, and by the 1970s it was widely used to refer to pneumonia due to mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella pneumophila or other legionella species.
Cap continues to be a cause of considerable morbidity and mortality in most parts of the world, being the most frequent infectious cause of death in patients in the usa and throughout europe. Bear in mind that the larger the affected lung area, the more severe signs and symptoms are manifested. Communityacquired bacterial pneumonia continues to be a significant disease in infants and children, with pneumonia remaining the top reason for hospitalization in the united states. Mp is one of the most common agents of communityacquired pneumonia in. Communityacquired pneumonia cap is a common illness throughout the world, with an estimated incidence of 12 million in the usa 1, 2. Like viral pneumonia, the list of bacteria that causes bacterial pneumonia is long. Another cause is an improperly cleaned air conditioner. Dont eat right or get enough vitamins and minerals. Doctor answers on symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and more. Seven of the nine patients had streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from blood cultures, with capsular serotyping revealing that all isolates were serotype. Microbial etiologies of hospitalacquired bacterial. The easily accessible text offers infectious disease specialists and other health care workers with an. The types of bacteria that can cause pneumonia in a hospital setting include.
The most common symptoms of bacterial pneumonia are. Influenza and bacterial pneumonia make for harmful super. Strep throat and bacterial pneumonia are examples of. The most common way you catch pneumonia bacterial or viral is to breathe infected air droplets from someone who has pneumonia. Bacterial capsules and the development of pneumonia case study discussion forum from april 3 to april 24, 2001, nine cases of pneumonia occurred in elderly residents median age of 86 years living at a longterm care facility in new jersey. This form of pneumonia is sometimes called pneumococcal pneumonia. However, we hypothesize that infections with the pandemic strain generally caused selflimited rarely fatal illnesses that enabled.
The most common causes of pneumonia include influenza a and b viruses. Seasonal and pandemic influenza are frequently complicated by bacterial infections, causing additional hospitalization and mortality. The role of atypical pathogens in communityacquired pneumonia. The most common cause of pneumonia in adults is a bacterium called streptococcus pneumonia. Investigation of pneumoniacausing bacterial pathogens to know bacterial pneumoniacausing pathogens in patients with respiratory viral infection, the results of the follow. Radiographic images in a patient with right upper lobe pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia in elderly japanese populations naoya. Deaths from bacterial pneumonia during 191819 influenza. Among those who survived the first several days, however, many died of. Overview of communityacquired pneumonia and the role of. Sixtyfive percent of patients with chronic bacterial pneumonia will have a recognizable predisposing disease. The remaining typical bacterial causes of pneumonia produce widespread inflammation throughout one or more lobes of the lung i. Examples of causes of abdominal pain in adults include appendicitis. Pathogenesis impairment of host defense colonization of upper respiratory tract aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions pulmonary infection pneumonia.
Overview 2 5 the four most common bacteria causing sinus and respiratory infections are. Postviral pneumonia and postviral bacterial pneumonia. Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications. These afflictions continue to exceed all other diseases in the loss of time from industry and from schools. Have another condition that weakens your bodys defenses. Whether or not it is contagious depends on the type of bacteria. Emerging 2019 novel coronavirus 2019ncov pneumonia. At least 500,000 cases of pneumococcal pneumonia are estimated to occur annually in the united states. Japanese population estimate in january 2012, the population of japan.
Examples of bacterial pneumonia in a sentence, how to use it. Pneumonia is a leading cause of death from infection. Review of nonbacterial infections in respiratory medicine. Typical bacterial pneumonia statpearls ncbi bookshelf. Given limitations of diagnostic tests for nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia, most studies report the incidence of bacteremic or invasive pneumococcal disease ipd, and thus, grossly underestimate the pneumococcal pneumonia burden. During combined viralbacterial infection, the virus, the bacterium and the host interact. It is thus distinguished from communityacquired pneumonia. As a result, many doctors prescribe antibiotics, just in case the culprit is bacterial and to prevent bacterial pneumonia after the body fights off the. Etiology varies with age group and comorbidities bacterial c omu n ity,nr sg he v pal acquired viral. The most common virus identified in the present study was human rhinovirus.
510 1153 1379 624 1319 804 676 632 1467 1399 298 431 234 798 1156 105 1197 1070 1478 795 751 1072 35 611 637 1291 1415 1287 1026 367 205 1500 925 659 227 308 1486 1278 817 930 933 1023